How Many Paragraphs In An Essay?

How Many Paragraphs In An Essay? An introduction is typically the first paragraph of your paper. The goal of your introduction is to let your reader know what he or she can expect from your paper. Introductions and conclusions are important components of any essay. They work to book-end the argument made in the body paragraphs by first explaining what points will be made and then summarizing what points were made . We guarantee that all information is treated in the strictest confidence and all our written products are authentic. If you have an issue deciding the topic of your essay, then just prepare an outline of all the topics which you have, and it will help you to find out the best topic. If you already have a topic, then you need to prepare an outline for its content. Let’s now discuss the Guidelines on Writing Short Essays. A short essay should be a minimum of half-page & maximum of 1 page if we work single-spaced. It can go up to max 2 pages if we work double-spaced. The concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main idea by reinforcing your topic sentence. Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. If there are not enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. Decide which point drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence. The unifying idea in this paragraph is that the writer likes Sunday because it gives him/her a chance to be with his/her dad. At Time4Writing, a certified teacher acts as an online writing tutor to help students build writing skills by focusing on the fundamentals. Short essays should consist of a maximum of 400 words. You can go up to 500 but, if only it’s the need for the topic. A short length essay means essay which is written in short. The guidelines for writing short length essays are almost similar to that of writing a normal long essay. Time4Writing’s eight-week online writing courses are highly effective in helping students apply the writing process and build writing confidence. Learn more about Time4Writing’s elementary, middle school paragraph and high school online writing courses. Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. The topics of your short essays should be very catchy. It helps in catching the attention of the reader. We do not share personal information about our customers with other parties and we do not reuse any papers sold to you. You may order any type of non-plagiarized sample paper from us â€" essays, reports, reviews, term papers, research papers, theses, dissertations and more. The weakest arguments should be discussed and presented in the closing paragraphs of the essay body. Time4Writing provides online writing classes for elementary, middle school, and high school students and pairs each student with a certified teacher for one-on-one writing instruction. You need to be very Precise when you write a short essay. So, you need to understand the topic really well. Every paragraph has one single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good topic sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want to make.

No 1 Essay Writing Service

No 1 Essay Writing Service Welcome to Writing Essays, the RLF’s online guide to everything you wanted to know but were afraid to ask about writing undergraduate essays. What constitutes “good style” is one of the hardest things to state explicitly, and is perhaps the criterion most open to personal variation. But there are some points that you should bear in mind. In fact, many of our customers hire us because they are very committed to their studies and they need instructions with these papers, so they can get better at writing. For students that are not that great at writing, the collaboration with a professional writing services can be a learning experience. Plan and structure the body paragraphs of your essay into topic sentences with bullet points for each paragraph. Students who complete the course and apply the lessons learned will have a full understanding of the essay writing process and how to achieve the best results. Learn to write essays with skill which will help with all written assignments whether for school or work. We find a writer with an MA or PhD degree in the relevant area of study. This writer takes your instructions and develops a paper from scratch. You can’t get such level of personalization elsewhere. As you can see, a writing agency is needed not just because students are after convenience. To outline the method of researching and preparing to write an academic essay. A step-by-step strategy to prepare for, research and write an academic essay. Writing Essays does not cover every type of writing you will do at university but it does cover the principal types. So you will find guides to essay writing, dissertation writing, and report writing. You will also find a section dealing with the differences between writing for the humanities and writing for the sciences and social sciences. The information and guidelines in these sections will provide blueprints you can apply elsewhere. The guide is a toolbox of essay writing skills and resources that you can choose from to suit your particular needs. That is, it tells you what things mean and what they are; and it uses examples to show you how they work. As a student you will need to demonstrate the ability to create a coherent and logical argument that proves that you understood the course work. Writing an essay can be a difficult task, however this module will equip you with the necessary knowledge and skills to successfully write an essay. The ASK service is run by Student Academic Leaders who have demonstrated abilities in academic writing, research and general all around awesome-ness. If you are struggling to write the introduction, reword the essay question in your own words. Essays are a widely used form of assessment that is used by lecturers. One of these points is that you are writing an academic essay, and as such, are required to use a reasonably formal style of writing. This does not mean that you should be obscure, or use impossibly long sentences with multisyllabic words, but you should avoid being overly colloquial. Originality is one of the hardest things to achieve in an essay, but any effort you make at being original will be noticed by the marker. This doesn’t mean that you have to invent a new theory each time you write an essay. Your essay should have a definite ending, in the form of a conclusion. We do not engage in paraphrasing/rewriting practices. We deliver genuinely original work that’s written just for you. There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation . Keep in mind that there’s a 100% plagiarism-free guarantee covering all customers at our website.

How To Write An Essay

How To Write An Essay Seeing how a successful essay is put together can be super useful. The more you read, the more you know, and knowing more will help you craft better essays. The conclusion brings closure of the topic and sums up your overall ideas while providing a final perspective on your topic. Your conclusion should consist of three to five strong sentences. Immediately beneath the title, begin writing the first paragraph of your title. Insert and center the title of your essay an inch below the top edge of your paper. When you write a descriptive essay, you want to involve the reader's senses and emotions. The plot is the focus of the story and is usually revealed chronologically, but there are sometimes flash-forwards and flashbacks. If you're looking to write a personal narrative essay, here are some tips to get you started. Narration means you're telling a story from a certain viewpoint, and there is usually a reason for the telling. All narrative essays have characters, setting, a climax, and most importantly, a plot. Simply review your main points and provide reinforcement of your thesis.7. Learning how to write an essay is crucial to admissions and scholarship decisions. Towards the bottom of your paper, write your name, the course name and number, the instructor’s name, and the due date. Below we have written a step-by-step guide on how make a proper essay format. An essay format is a series of guidelines that determine how your paper should be arranged. It covers the title page, basic essay structure, essay outline, your conclusions, citations, etc. That is why you must check grammar and spelling in your own work. Some key requirements for writing a good essay are ensuring a logical flow of content and smooth transitions but also using compelling evidence taken from trustworthy sources. A lot depends on how captivating/ original your information is, so focusing on content quality is crucial. Do not introduce any new ideas or topics to the paper in your conclusion. You may also use this as an opportunity to resolve problems you addressed in your essay or address the implications of your arguments. Add the header to your essay in the right-hand corner half an inch below the top edge of the paper. You must do this for every page of your paper with the exception of the works cited page. Notice the use of transitional words to help the reader follow the ideas. Also, notice the use of third person point of view in this paragraph. The third person point of view is most commonly used for expository writing, technical writing, and any other sort of writing that has a business-minded or persuasive intention or purpose. No matter how great of a writer you are, you are bound to make a few mistakes. I guarantee that you will find more than a few grammar and stylistic mistakes even in this guide. While there's a bit of a storytelling element to them, their purpose is greater than that. It's always to explain some integral concept to the reader. An argumentative essay from Bogazici University offers a bit of a dramatic flair, which is important to making a strong argument. Expository essays compare, explore, and discuss problems.

How To Write A Well

How To Write A Well As a student, there are many ways you can do this. Usually, you should take a look at a few sources that provided you with special insights on what the topic is mainly about. Thus, essay writing is beneficial in the lives of students, and they should continue writing them. The value of learning how to write an essay goes beyond education into the workforce. To succeed in the workplace, one needs to possess the collect grammar, spelling, basing writing skills, and communicating. Thus, essays prepare you to become a successful individual in the future. Making you go dip into basics is another importance of essay writing. With a lot of information flooding the world, there is a lot of untrustworthy information circulating. However, writing essays enables you to get the correct information through research. An essay refers to a short and formal piece of writing whose focus is on presenting or supporting a singular subject of discussion. College is a time when broke kids survive on ramen noodles, so how likely is it for them to be able to pay some premium price for writing services? Our team have been working in academic writing for a very long time. Writers at BoomEssays.com perfecting their skills so that they can provide the best services. At Summer Boarding Courses, we recommend you take the time to work through the format for essay writing step-by-step. Many of our courses, including our Creative Writing Course at Oxford College, can help you with this. As a student, you will find that it is essential to master the skill of writing well-reasoned, articulate, and well-presented essays. You will usually need to write essays as part of your coursework and in exams, and you may also be required to submit a dissertation in order to achieve a degree or similar qualification. Lots of people say that you should write in chunks of 500 words as you’re reading. This is one way of doing things, and it works for some people. This is to say, if you’ve been taught that your essay should unravel as you go, and I shouldn’t understand your whole argument until the very end, then you’ve been taught wrong. The word ‘essay’ is derived from the Latin word ‘exagium,’ which denotes to present a case. trusted and reliable service such as EssayZoo, it is essential to write essays for various reasons. The first step to writing the perfect essay requires you to get familiar with what you want to write about. If you follow the advice presented here, your essays will probably be quite good. If you don’t, they might still be alright, but they probably won’t be as good as they could have been. Based on your topic, write down the thesis statement that your entire essay will revolve around. Then proceed to write your outline, which will lay down the flow of discussion. Writing an essay can be equated to studying your soul as through it, you inevitably learn self-expression; you develop writing skills, vocabulary, and a style of writing. In education, it prepares one for future assignments while getting one ready for employment. Therefore, despite the negative notion, most students may have about these assignments; their impact in their lives is prominent. If you are stuck on understanding what the subject of the topic means, you should try asking your teacher or tutor. Essay Punch takes users through the process of writing an essay. From pre-set writing prompts users learn to develop an idea and write their descriptive, informative and persuasive essays. As students advance, to improve essay writing skills they need in-depth support. They need to organize their thoughts and learn to clearly communicate their ideas in writing. I should know exactly what you’re going to argue by the time I’ve finished your introduction. This isn’t an Agatha Christie novel, it’s an argument. This brief guide is intended to provide you with basic tips which will allow you to succeed in undergraduate essay writing. Using your outline as a guide, you should start composing the main body of your essay. Be careful not to deviate from your thesis statement. If you need more help to compose your essay, then you can try using English writing software. Some people have all the right ideas, but they find it hard to write these ideas down. If you have this problem, then software for English writing may work for you.

How To Write A Well

How To Write A Well As a student, there are many ways you can do this. Usually, you should take a look at a few sources that provided you with special insights on what the topic is mainly about. Thus, essay writing is beneficial in the lives of students, and they should continue writing them. The value of learning how to write an essay goes beyond education into the workforce. To succeed in the workplace, one needs to possess the collect grammar, spelling, basing writing skills, and communicating. Thus, essays prepare you to become a successful individual in the future. Making you go dip into basics is another importance of essay writing. With a lot of information flooding the world, there is a lot of untrustworthy information circulating. However, writing essays enables you to get the correct information through research. An essay refers to a short and formal piece of writing whose focus is on presenting or supporting a singular subject of discussion. College is a time when broke kids survive on ramen noodles, so how likely is it for them to be able to pay some premium price for writing services? Our team have been working in academic writing for a very long time. Writers at BoomEssays.com perfecting their skills so that they can provide the best services. At Summer Boarding Courses, we recommend you take the time to work through the format for essay writing step-by-step. Many of our courses, including our Creative Writing Course at Oxford College, can help you with this. As a student, you will find that it is essential to master the skill of writing well-reasoned, articulate, and well-presented essays. You will usually need to write essays as part of your coursework and in exams, and you may also be required to submit a dissertation in order to achieve a degree or similar qualification. Lots of people say that you should write in chunks of 500 words as you’re reading. This is one way of doing things, and it works for some people. This is to say, if you’ve been taught that your essay should unravel as you go, and I shouldn’t understand your whole argument until the very end, then you’ve been taught wrong. The word ‘essay’ is derived from the Latin word ‘exagium,’ which denotes to present a case. trusted and reliable service such as EssayZoo, it is essential to write essays for various reasons. The first step to writing the perfect essay requires you to get familiar with what you want to write about. If you follow the advice presented here, your essays will probably be quite good. If you don’t, they might still be alright, but they probably won’t be as good as they could have been. Based on your topic, write down the thesis statement that your entire essay will revolve around. Then proceed to write your outline, which will lay down the flow of discussion. Writing an essay can be equated to studying your soul as through it, you inevitably learn self-expression; you develop writing skills, vocabulary, and a style of writing. In education, it prepares one for future assignments while getting one ready for employment. Therefore, despite the negative notion, most students may have about these assignments; their impact in their lives is prominent. If you are stuck on understanding what the subject of the topic means, you should try asking your teacher or tutor. Essay Punch takes users through the process of writing an essay. From pre-set writing prompts users learn to develop an idea and write their descriptive, informative and persuasive essays. As students advance, to improve essay writing skills they need in-depth support. They need to organize their thoughts and learn to clearly communicate their ideas in writing. I should know exactly what you’re going to argue by the time I’ve finished your introduction. This isn’t an Agatha Christie novel, it’s an argument. This brief guide is intended to provide you with basic tips which will allow you to succeed in undergraduate essay writing. Using your outline as a guide, you should start composing the main body of your essay. Be careful not to deviate from your thesis statement. If you need more help to compose your essay, then you can try using English writing software. Some people have all the right ideas, but they find it hard to write these ideas down. If you have this problem, then software for English writing may work for you.

How To Write A Well

How To Write A Well As a student, there are many ways you can do this. Usually, you should take a look at a few sources that provided you with special insights on what the topic is mainly about. Thus, essay writing is beneficial in the lives of students, and they should continue writing them. The value of learning how to write an essay goes beyond education into the workforce. To succeed in the workplace, one needs to possess the collect grammar, spelling, basing writing skills, and communicating. Thus, essays prepare you to become a successful individual in the future. Making you go dip into basics is another importance of essay writing. With a lot of information flooding the world, there is a lot of untrustworthy information circulating. However, writing essays enables you to get the correct information through research. An essay refers to a short and formal piece of writing whose focus is on presenting or supporting a singular subject of discussion. College is a time when broke kids survive on ramen noodles, so how likely is it for them to be able to pay some premium price for writing services? Our team have been working in academic writing for a very long time. Writers at BoomEssays.com perfecting their skills so that they can provide the best services. At Summer Boarding Courses, we recommend you take the time to work through the format for essay writing step-by-step. Many of our courses, including our Creative Writing Course at Oxford College, can help you with this. As a student, you will find that it is essential to master the skill of writing well-reasoned, articulate, and well-presented essays. You will usually need to write essays as part of your coursework and in exams, and you may also be required to submit a dissertation in order to achieve a degree or similar qualification. Lots of people say that you should write in chunks of 500 words as you’re reading. This is one way of doing things, and it works for some people. This is to say, if you’ve been taught that your essay should unravel as you go, and I shouldn’t understand your whole argument until the very end, then you’ve been taught wrong. The word ‘essay’ is derived from the Latin word ‘exagium,’ which denotes to present a case. trusted and reliable service such as EssayZoo, it is essential to write essays for various reasons. The first step to writing the perfect essay requires you to get familiar with what you want to write about. If you follow the advice presented here, your essays will probably be quite good. If you don’t, they might still be alright, but they probably won’t be as good as they could have been. Based on your topic, write down the thesis statement that your entire essay will revolve around. Then proceed to write your outline, which will lay down the flow of discussion. Writing an essay can be equated to studying your soul as through it, you inevitably learn self-expression; you develop writing skills, vocabulary, and a style of writing. In education, it prepares one for future assignments while getting one ready for employment. Therefore, despite the negative notion, most students may have about these assignments; their impact in their lives is prominent. If you are stuck on understanding what the subject of the topic means, you should try asking your teacher or tutor. Essay Punch takes users through the process of writing an essay. From pre-set writing prompts users learn to develop an idea and write their descriptive, informative and persuasive essays. As students advance, to improve essay writing skills they need in-depth support. They need to organize their thoughts and learn to clearly communicate their ideas in writing. I should know exactly what you’re going to argue by the time I’ve finished your introduction. This isn’t an Agatha Christie novel, it’s an argument. This brief guide is intended to provide you with basic tips which will allow you to succeed in undergraduate essay writing. Using your outline as a guide, you should start composing the main body of your essay. Be careful not to deviate from your thesis statement. If you need more help to compose your essay, then you can try using English writing software. Some people have all the right ideas, but they find it hard to write these ideas down. If you have this problem, then software for English writing may work for you.

Essay Examples

Essay Examples Our essay writers are handpicked from leading colleges across the US, UK and Australia. They are subject-matter graduates with professional degrees such as Master’s and PhDs. Many students hesitate to reach out to essay writing websites because of some negative experiences they’ve had in the past. We guarantee zero plagiarism and individual approach to your task. What you instruct in order specifications will be fulfilled in your texts hands down. Top grades and more free time in the evening are what you receive. You pay for a quality fulfillment of your order. And this is pretty much what we deliver â€" a classy paper from scratch that brings you a positive grade. Delegate every unwelcomed assignment to a degree-holding academic author. When the deadline comes, submit your article and call it a day. The discursive essay introduction is the part of your essay that sets the tone and prepares the readers for the content of your paper. Your introduction should not be too detailed, but it should provide just enough information to get the audience acquainted with the topic. In 6 hours or less, a new document will be available to download from your inbox. Quick and easy, any homework you’re reluctant to do could be finalized without a hitch. Your conclusion should end with a statement or idea that leaves a strong impression and provokes further thought. You also shouldn’t express your personal opinion anywhere except for the conclusion. s the government begins its crackdown on essay mill websites, it’s easy to see just how much pressure students are under to get top grades for their coursework these days. But writing a high-scoring paper doesn’t need to be complicated. We spoke to experts to get some simple techniques that will raise your writing game. The body paragraphs of your essay are where you present your arguments, descriptions, or ideas. cheap essay writing service that knows how to make every essay shine. Here is our complete guide on discursive essay writing. When you are hearing about an upcoming discursive essay assignment for the first time, your first reaction is probably confusion. If you have never dealt with discursive writing before, you may have no idea what it actually is and how to write a discursive essay at all. Tim Squirrell is a PhD student at the University of Edinburgh, and is teaching for the first time this year. You’re not alone -- that’s the life of a quintessential college student. With looming deadlines and complicated essays, students are under immense pressure and left feeling stressed. The form of your Conclusion, like your introduction, is flexible. One good way to conclude a paper is to begin the last paragraph with a statement that reflects on what has been stated and proved, without repeating it exactly. Then you should briefly restate your key points to gently remind the reader how well you proved your thesis. Essay help is the answer to all your college troubles. An essay writer will take care of your composition today. That’s not all, when you work with Writers Per Hour, you’re not just outsourcing to quality writers but you’re also working with quick essay writers. It takes a whole lot of precision and expertise to be able write high-quality essays within quick turnarounds and we are proud to deliver that.

Integrating Writing

Integrating Writing Point out those nuances and complexities that your thesis only hinted at, but that can now be fully understood. Provide observations that keep your conclusion fresh and interesting. It is really a great post and for that kind of writing absolutely need a great experience too. Make sure you understand the referencing style , and if you don’t understand, ask your lecturer and teacher. Use everyone one of your alloted words to good effect. Cut the waffle and stick to justified statements. In the conclusions, you need to sum up your arguments. Highlight the most important points and provide a final conclusion. The following are useful steps for developing a diagram to organize ideas for your essay. You also need to check spelling, sentence structure and punctuation. It has really help me to do much meaningful WRITE UP today. Thanks alot, I quite Appreciate and Commend the time you took to put this together. Remember if you lose your target reader you also lose marks in your assessment. Your introduction should point them in the right direction giving them a clear idea of what is to follow. Ensure that you let the introduction speak for itself. Try to create an introduction that captures the target reader; and don't let the target reader second guess what you’re trying to say. This is where you assemble the evidence of your research and thinking and put forth your arguments. Try to demonstrate to the lecturer that you have an opinion on the subject. It is very important to make your voice transparent throughout your writing. In most instances, your points should be supported by some form of evidence from your readings or examples drawn from the subject area. You should comment on the implication, significance or impact and finish off the paragraph with a critical deduction that you have drawn from the evidence. The beginning and end of a paragraph are usually more general in scope. The opening sentence indicates what the paragraph is about. It also connects the paragraph to what came before. Focus your effort on explaining the research question or problem that drives your research. It should sum up the arguments of the whole text. If you experience difficulty in writing your conclusion, you can always talk to a HELPS Advisor or one of our volunteers. They’re always ready to help you if you need assistance at any stage of the writing process. It makes a general statement about the issue, topic or area under discussion. academic writing, pronunciation and presentation courses. Designed to fast-track your progress in these skills areas. Self-help learning resources -The HELPS website also provides an online self-study guide to essential academic skills. ” question, your reader will care enough to read on. Finally, next to each letter, under each Roman numeral, write the information and/or facts that support the main point or idea. Next, under each Roman numeral, write A, B, and C down the left hand side of the page. The following are useful steps for developing an outline to organize ideas for your essay.

Essays On Writing, Parenting, And Friendship From Laura Lippman

Essays On Writing, Parenting, And Friendship From Laura Lippman After you gather your research, think about how you want to organize it. A simple five-paragraph essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, include three paragraphs presenting information or arguments, and end with a concluding paragraph. If your essay is longer than five paragraphs, it should still begin with an introductory paragraph and end with a concluding paragraph. It’s vital to write down or save the bibliographic information for all your sources, including websites. This information includes the author’s name, the title of the article or webpage, the page numbers , the date on which the source was published, and the URL . If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion. You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences. There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation . In fact, many of our customers hire us because they are very committed to their studies and they need instructions with these papers, so they can get better at writing. For students that are not that great at writing, the collaboration with a professional writing services can be a learning experience. To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read. You might want to rearrange paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don't appear to fit in with the essay structure. If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph. So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves. This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order . Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. Discursive writing is the process of describing different sides of an argument in an attempt to find the correct one. Each paragraph in the body of the essay should focus on one separate idea. We do not engage in paraphrasing/rewriting practices. We deliver genuinely original work that’s written just for you. We find a writer with an MA or PhD degree in the relevant area of study. This writer takes your instructions and develops a paper from scratch. When you write your essay, you will likely need to refer back to this information and include it at the end of your paper. In general, the information on wiki sites isn’t trustworthy because anyone can change that information at any time. However, visiting the sources linked at the bottom of a wiki page is a great way to find reputable sources. When considering how to write an academic essay, don’t wait until the last minute to begin your research. You may find that the information you need isn’t readily accessible online, so you might need to visit your local library or conduct more in-depth searches online. Persuasive essays are used to make an argument or persuade the reader to feel a certain way or believe something specific. Keep in mind that there’s a 100% plagiarism-free guarantee covering all customers at our website. When you are creating your outline, you can arrange the ideas in these paragraphs in a number of ways, such as chronologically or from least important to most important. It’s important that the paragraphs flow from one to the next to form a cohesive essay. You can’t get such level of personalization elsewhere. As you can see, a writing agency is needed not just because students are after convenience.

Essay Writing Service Market Services & Key Advancements 2025 By Top Key Players Writeperfect Ltd, Essayservice, Frogprog Limited

Essay Writing Service Market Services & Key Advancements 2025 By Top Key Players Writeperfect Ltd, Essayservice, Frogprog Limited If you're doing a research-based essay, you might find some inspiration from reading through some of the major sources on the subject. The critical or analytical essay, which examines something in detail. This type of essay may attempt to answer specific questions about the subject or focus more generally on its meaning. The compare/contrast essay, which focuses on analyzing the similarities and differences between 2 things, such as ideas, people, events, places, or works of art. Once you're sure that the structure of the paper is fine, you can go with the final proofreading. You might also end up reordering some of the content of the essay if you think that helps it flow better. You might have to cut material from your essay in some places and add new material in others. Once you've read over your essay, go through and edit it. When you're done, go back over the essay again to make sure it flows well and that there aren't any problems you missed. An only original and fresh approach that is our motto. However, after some time, come to realize that all the time is sorely lacking. If you've cited any sources in the essay, you'll need to include a list of works cited at the end. One easy way to come up with a thesis statement is to briefly answer the main question you would like to address. If you're having trouble narrowing down your topic, your instructor might be able to provide guidance or inspiration. For a critical essay, you might choose to focus on a particular theme in the work you're discussing, or analyze the meaning of a specific passage. Whenever you use a certain resource as inspiration or support for your claims, make sure to reference it in accordance with the citation standard you follow. Now, all you need to do is write the content itself. After editing your essay, go over it again closely to spot any minor errors, such as typos or formatting problems. There may be issues that you missed during your initial round of editing, and there could also be new typos or formatting issues if you made changes to the original draft. You may find it easier to spot these errors on a printout rather than on an electronic version of your essay. Take side notes of the corrections you intend to make. Don't start with the proofreading yet; that part will come a bit later. Here is a sample of a plain mind map, created with online software. It should represent the basic features of the essay, so it will guide your thoughts in an organized manner. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 7,278,067 times. This article was co-authored by Christopher Taylor, PhD. Christopher Taylor is an Adjunct Assistant Professor of English at Austin Community College in Texas. He received his PhD in English Literature and Medieval Studies from the University of Texas at Austin in 2014. Don't try to categorize the ideas as silly or awesome; just write them down. Edu Geeks Club is a place where professionals are happy to share their expertise with students to help them succeed in their specialty. Ordering writing work in our company, you are guaranteed to get a unique work written in the best traditions of the genre. With us, you can not fear the low uniqueness of the text. You might find it helpful to do some reading on your topic and make notes about anything you find interesting or any questions you have. Try doing some free-writing and putting down any thought that jumps into your head. Different essay genres can have different formats. Make sure to check the specific conventions of your essay genre with your professor. It may be helpful to read each sentence out loud to yourself.

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Write My Paper Again, the type of font used can make the word count higher or lower, but it’s a good rule of thumb for those who are simply looking for a general estimation. I am a medical student, and I have to write an essay about cancer. I fucked up by leaving it to the last minute, but the time required to research the content spans a couple of weeks. This is genuinely brilliant I have been in this situation a few times and this is exactly the best process I wish I had seen this as an undergraduate. I think actual writing time is a bit optimistic in truth it would be an all-nighter and I have always worked better with less food. Tell the reader how the information in the paragraph helps you answer the question and how it leads to your conclusion. Your analysis should attempt to persuade the reader that your conclusion is the correct one. The school curriculum actually makes this quite easy, because we seldom study the typical, run-of-the-mill events, people, books, discoveries and so on. You can apply this principle to anything that strikes you as weird, as annoying, as not quite right, and use that instinct as a springboard to explore a topic properly. It’s a way to motivate them to get the book done. It works well for me, but I know others who don’t do well with it. I think it depends a lot on your personality, but forcing myself to be consistent day in and day out helps me get my books done. Without a daily word count, I would never complete them. For assignments that require double spacing, it would take approximately 250 words to fill the page. A belly full of porridge would send me back to bed but I'm a hefty bloke and missing a meal wont kill me. You've had your brain-fuelling lunch, and now it's time to get typing. Also, if you're using Microsoft Word to write your essay, make use of the automatic referencing system. Now it's time to gather the all-important information and quotes to support your arguments. The best way to know your per page word count would be to look at past pages and count the number of words you write for each page. it’s time consuming, but any other estimate is bound not to be accurate since it’s so dependent on your handwriting. Why is everything word count these days instead of page count? When I was in school when I was younger, all assignments were page count. But there are other aspects of your writing that you should consider when writing 1,000 words, such as font style, font size, and margins. If you're asked to submit a paper with single spacing, you will be writing two-and-a-half pages. The number of pages you write depends on several factors. These elements include the average length of your words and whether your page is single- or double-spaced. You may even be offered the chance to do this a little earlier, where you get given a list of essay titles but also told that you can come up with your own if you’d like. Choosing your own essay title requires you to think about topics (say, Hamlet?) in ways you may not have considered before. One of the most exciting and challenging parts of moving forward through your academic career is the increasing amount of freedom you get to decide what you want to write about. This is the part of your paragraph where you explain to your reader why the evidence supports the point and why that point is relevant to your overall argument. If you're using 1.5 spacing, it would be around three pages. This is not accurate for academic papers with 1″ margins. This would depend heavily on how big/small you write. it’s like different fonts take up different amount of space on a page, so does your specific handwriting. Many authors use word count as a motivational tool. To help them from getting stuck and editing each sentence over and over again as they write, they choose a minimum number of words they want to write each day. These words may not be perfect and will likely need to be heavily edited, but it gets the ideas down and keeps them from getting stuck on one area of their book.

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Write My Paper Again, the type of font used can make the word count higher or lower, but it’s a good rule of thumb for those who are simply looking for a general estimation. I am a medical student, and I have to write an essay about cancer. I fucked up by leaving it to the last minute, but the time required to research the content spans a couple of weeks. This is genuinely brilliant I have been in this situation a few times and this is exactly the best process I wish I had seen this as an undergraduate. I think actual writing time is a bit optimistic in truth it would be an all-nighter and I have always worked better with less food. Tell the reader how the information in the paragraph helps you answer the question and how it leads to your conclusion. Your analysis should attempt to persuade the reader that your conclusion is the correct one. The school curriculum actually makes this quite easy, because we seldom study the typical, run-of-the-mill events, people, books, discoveries and so on. You can apply this principle to anything that strikes you as weird, as annoying, as not quite right, and use that instinct as a springboard to explore a topic properly. It’s a way to motivate them to get the book done. It works well for me, but I know others who don’t do well with it. I think it depends a lot on your personality, but forcing myself to be consistent day in and day out helps me get my books done. Without a daily word count, I would never complete them. For assignments that require double spacing, it would take approximately 250 words to fill the page. A belly full of porridge would send me back to bed but I'm a hefty bloke and missing a meal wont kill me. You've had your brain-fuelling lunch, and now it's time to get typing. Also, if you're using Microsoft Word to write your essay, make use of the automatic referencing system. Now it's time to gather the all-important information and quotes to support your arguments. The best way to know your per page word count would be to look at past pages and count the number of words you write for each page. it’s time consuming, but any other estimate is bound not to be accurate since it’s so dependent on your handwriting. Why is everything word count these days instead of page count? When I was in school when I was younger, all assignments were page count. But there are other aspects of your writing that you should consider when writing 1,000 words, such as font style, font size, and margins. If you're asked to submit a paper with single spacing, you will be writing two-and-a-half pages. The number of pages you write depends on several factors. These elements include the average length of your words and whether your page is single- or double-spaced. You may even be offered the chance to do this a little earlier, where you get given a list of essay titles but also told that you can come up with your own if you’d like. Choosing your own essay title requires you to think about topics (say, Hamlet?) in ways you may not have considered before. One of the most exciting and challenging parts of moving forward through your academic career is the increasing amount of freedom you get to decide what you want to write about. This is the part of your paragraph where you explain to your reader why the evidence supports the point and why that point is relevant to your overall argument. If you're using 1.5 spacing, it would be around three pages. This is not accurate for academic papers with 1″ margins. This would depend heavily on how big/small you write. it’s like different fonts take up different amount of space on a page, so does your specific handwriting. Many authors use word count as a motivational tool. To help them from getting stuck and editing each sentence over and over again as they write, they choose a minimum number of words they want to write each day. These words may not be perfect and will likely need to be heavily edited, but it gets the ideas down and keeps them from getting stuck on one area of their book.

Five Qualities Of Good Writing

Five Qualities Of Good Writing With looming deadlines and complicated essays, students are under immense pressure and left feeling stressed. Thank you so much for taking the headache out of the process. We made it easy to connect you with the best academic writer. ‘Compare’ often appears with ‘contrast’ in essay questions.ContrastShow the differences between two sets of information or arguments. ‘Contrast’ often appears with ‘compare’ in essay questions.CriticiseEvaluate an argument or a text to see if it is good. ‘Criticise’ does not mean you have to be negative.CritiqueEvaluate an argument or a text to see if it is good. Also, the conclusion is the last thing the reader actually reads, so it needs to be memorable. Once you have brainstormed your ideas and done some initial research, start putting them into a logical order as part of the essay planning process. Brainstorming helps you to see what you know about the topic. Brainstorming, researching and planning are cyclical, which means that each process helps the other processes and you might want to do each process more than once. In 6 hours or less, a new document will be available to download from your inbox. Quick and easy, any homework you’re reluctant to do could be finalized without a hitch. Keep in mind that there’s a 100% plagiarism-free guarantee covering all customers at our website. We do not engage in paraphrasing/rewriting practices. They are subject-matter graduates with professional degrees such as Master’s and PhDs. You’re not alone -- that’s the life of a quintessential college student. We deliver genuinely original work that’s written just for you. We find a writer with an MA or PhD degree in the relevant area of study. This writer takes your instructions and develops a paper from scratch. You can’t get such level of personalization elsewhere. ‘Critique’ does not mean you have to be negative.DefineExplain the meaning of a word or a term, especially in the context of your essay. All you have to do is say, “write my essay research paper for me” or “I want to hire a smart person to write my essay”, and your wish will be our command. Given the amount of research paper requests we get, we have amped up our team with research paper writing experts who write custom, well-written research papers. Research papers are one of my most common writing assignments students encounter and a crucial one at that. Our essay writers are handpicked from leading colleges across the US, UK and Australia. A writer will work to meet all the specifications A to Z. Your paper will be done by an expert with years of experience under the belt. We welcome trained, seasoned authors to ensure your composition is top-class. Why write a mediocre paper when you can do the superior one? You pay for a quality fulfillment of your order. And this is pretty much what we deliver â€" a classy paper from scratch that brings you a positive grade. Essay help is the answer to all your college troubles. An essay writer will take care of your composition today. Topic sentenceThe topic sentence can function as a sentence of transition from the previous paragraph. It might seem strange to think about writing your conclusion before you write the body of your essay, but unless you know where you are going you can easily lose direction. Make an order, and a writer will meet all the provided instructions. Topic, length, number of references, spacing, formatting, and academic level. All these aspects let us fully customize the document making it one-of-a-kind and truly authentic.

Aldo Rossi A Poet and an Architect - Free Essay Example

Aldo Rossi ‘A poet who happens to be an architect’ (3 May 1931 -4 September 1997) Philosophy: â€Å"The primary sources of all architectural content are reflected in the use of primary forms, axial orientation and repetitive elements in the facades. † PERSONAL LIFE AND EDUCATIONAL PROFILE: †¢Born in Milan the 3rd of May 1931. †¢He moved with his family to Lake Como at 1940 †¢He attended a school run by the Padri Somaschi and subsequently the Alessandro Volta archbishop’s school in Lecco †¢First career choice was film, his interests translated to the field of architecture. Enrolled at the Faculty of Architecture at the Milan Polytechnic University at 1949 after the end of the war †¢Continued his studies in Prague and then in the Soviet Union, and took part in numerous cultural meetings at 1955. †¢Graduated architecture at 1959 †¢Joined the Milanese magazine Casabella-Continuita, serving as its editor from 1961 to 1964 PROFE SSIONAL PROFILE: His growing fame brought him positions as a professor in Zurich, Spain, and the United States. Namely Milans Politecnico, Zurichs ETH, New Yorks Cooper Union, and Venices Instituto Universitario di Architettura) †¢1955-1964-Worked with Ernesto Rogers on the leading Italian architecture magazine Casabella-Continuita †¢1956 He began work for Ignazio Gardella (1905-1999) and then for Marco Zanuso (1916) †¢1963 He became assistant to Ludovico Quaroni (1911-1987) at the School of Urban Studies in Arezzo and to Carlo Aymonino (1926) at the University Institute of Architecture in Venice(Iuav) †¢1965-A faculty member in the School of Architecture in Milan †¢1966-Published the book The Architecture of the City 1971 He began working with Gianni Braghieri †¢1975-Faculty member at University in Venice †¢1978 He began working with IAUS †¢1980 He began his work as an industrial designer which would lead him to work with major companies like Alessi, Molteni and Unifor †¢1981- Published A Scientific Autobiography STYLE: †¢Neo-Rationalism – also known as La Tendenza. It is a movement originating in Italy in the 1960s which rejected the functionalist and technological preoccupations of mainstream Modernism, advocating a rationalist approach to design based on an awareness of formal properties. Architecture of the City oFocuses on the importance of the city and it’s architecture, and is in part a protest against the pure functionalism of the Modern Movement. oFor Rossi the city is a repository of the history of man, and as such, he laments the lack of understanding by current architectural practices. oHe believes that relying on function alone to define architecture misses the true meaning of a city. o He argues that a city must be studied and valued as a manmade object constructed over time. That urban architecture is intrinsically connected with the overall city. Scientific Autobiography oThi s revealing memoir by Aldo Rossi (1937–1997) oone of the most visible and controversial figures ever on the international architecture scene, intermingles discussions of Rossis architectural projects—including the major literary and artistic influences on his work—with his personal history. oDrawn from notebooks Rossi kept beginning in 1971, these ruminations and reflections range from his obsession with theater to his concept of architecture as ritual. WORKS: †¢Gallaratese 2 Residential Complex, Milan, 1969-73 †¢San Cataldo Cemetery, Modena, 1971, 1978-84 Pavillon in Borgo Ticino, Borgo Ticino, 1973 †¢Teatro del Mondo, Venice, 1979-80 †¢Wohnanlage La Villette, Paris, 1986-91 †¢School of Architecture, University of Miami, Miami, 1986-93 †¢Hotel il Palazzo, Fukuoka, 1987-89 †¢Disney Office Complex in Disneyland, Orlando, 1991-94 †¢Quartier Schutzenstrasse, Berlin-Mitte, 1995-97 †¢Scholastic Building in New York TEATRO DEL MONDO The theatre, in which the architecture serves as a possible background, a setting, a building that can be calculated and transformed into the measurements and concrete materials of an often elusive feeling, has been one of my passions. Constructed for the 1979-80 Venice Biennale, embodies Rossis ideas about architecture but exceeds them in the imaginative solution he created, partly due to his infatuation with the theatre. †¢As Rossi reiterated throughout his career that architecture provides a stage for life, with public spaces acting as backdrops for lifes experiences. †¢With neither theatre nor architecture existing without an event, Rossi focuses on the unexpected occurrences, the ever-changing meanings of a place due to ever-changing events. †¢His theater is not a place solely to watch performances but also a place to be watched, a place to observe and to be observed. This is accomplished on two levels, by placing the theatre as an object in the water a nd, on the inside, by placing the stage in the centre of the seats. †¢As spectators become part of the backdrop for the theatrical event, the city of Venice is drawn inside through window openings in the upper balconies. †¢Uneasiness occurs as the people sitting in these areas are aware of the presence of boats and the visual rise and fall of the theatre on the water. AWARDS: †¢1970 – He won the competition for the chair of Building characteristics in Palermo †¢1981 – First prize in the international IBA competition for his project for n. 0 Friedrichsrasse in Berlin †¢1984 – First prize in the competition for the Carlo Felice Theatre in Genoa †¢1987 – First prize in the international competition for Villette south of Paris †¢1990 – He won the Pritzker Prize †¢1991 – He won the Aia Honor Award †¢1991 – He was awarded the City of Fukuoka prize for the best architecture with ‘Il Palazzoà ¢â‚¬â„¢ hotel complex †¢1992 – Winner of the ’1991 Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture’ and of the architecture prize ‘Campione d’Italia nel mondo’ September 4, 1997 – Aldo Rossi died in Milan following a road accident

Essay on Rites of Passage - 1580 Words

Rites of Passage Although there are many different types of rites of passage they differ in many ways, some much more extreme than the others. There are so many different cultures that have a ton of different ways of expressing rites of passage. The three different cultures that will be discussed are the United States of America, Malaysian, and Balinese adolescents. Some of the things that will be discussed are the different forms of rites of passage, the different ages that they take place at, and how they affect all the different societies. The best definition of a rite of passage is a ritual event that marks a person’s transition from one status to another. This can be in many different forms, some being a lot†¦show more content†¦Although it is all meant to be fun and games sometimes they are taken too far and really need to be thought out better so that crazy things like that do not happen any longer. (Chicago tribune) The more normal rites of passage that occur in the United States are much less extreme such as Sweet Sixteen parties, marriages, and funerals. They all have a very different meaning at each point in someone’s life. Sweet Sixteen parties usually symbolize somebody becoming an adult although most of the time nowadays people really aren’t considered an adult until they’re at least 18 and in most cases even older than that. Marriage is sort of your next stage in life when you and another person join together and start a family and hopefully have great lives toge ther. Then there is a funeral which is a much less enjoyed time in everyone’s lives when you put a loved one to rest. For a lot of people their loved ones will go to Heaven but that changes with every individual on what they believe in if they even believe in an afterlife at all. There are quite a few important rites of passage in the Malay society starting with the birth of the baby. After the birth the baby and the mother are put in a confinement period of forty four days in their homes. There are also two other common ceremonies that they practice during the infant years niak buaian, which is a ceremony to introduce the baby to their cradle and potong jambul which is an event when the child’sShow MoreRelated Rites of Passage Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage Every day someone enters into a rite of passage whether it be by starting school, a new job, marriage, a confirmation or communion rites of passage are common place. Two totally different cultures have totally different rituals and rites of passage. The Apache would most definitely have incredibly unique rituals compared to rural Maine and the catholic cultures therein. The best way to see the differences is to compare the two different cultures. Each ritual occurs in a holyRead MoreValuables Traditions: Rites of passage 624 Words   |  2 Pagescultures have rites of passage that evolve over time, and these have become harmful to their culture and society. After establishing the difference between helpful and harmful rites of passage, it will be easy to see why they need to be changed. Once these factors have been analyzed, it will be obvious that rites of passage are culturally important, but those that have crossed the line of appropriateness should be modified to restore the benefits of these valuable traditions. Rites of passage that inspireRead MoreRites Of Passage Of The Native Societies2492 Words   |  10 PagesCultures from countries of all around the world understood the importance of the transitional mark of adolescence to manhood. Rites of passage in some cultures are significant in which males are recognized as men after undergoing certain procedures and are conveyed differently; thus it helps them identify who they are in their family and their positions in their societies, as well as what the corresponding responsibilities are. Throughout the human history, there have been a diversity of male initiationRead MoreWomen s Rites Of Passage1791 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Every culture in the world has rites of passage. Whether it be death and dying, birth or a transition from puberty to adulthood, every culture has certain rituals they use to christen these changes in social status within a society. A rite of passage is symbolic in how important a change is in the lives of the people who experience them. Status changes such as these are very important in the eyes of their culture and the ceremonies they produce help them retain stability while theirRead MoreRites Of Passage, Right Or Wrong1720 Words   |  7 PagesRites of Passage, â€Å"Right or Wrong†? Throughout history the term â€Å"rights of passage† has been used to describe the transition of a person into a new stage of their lives. Rites of passage are relevant in every day life all over the world. Most prominently though, Africa has a large population of people whose groups still practice traditional rites of passage to mark special life achievements. Basically, anything meaningful that happens within their tribe such as the birth of a child, the entranceRead MoreRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood1126 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage: The Journey to Adulthood The dictionary defines rites of passage as ceremonies that mark important transitional periods in a person’s life. It usually involves rituals and teachings that help shed their old roles and prepares them for their new roles. Although all boys and girls will go through a rite of passage to be considered an adult, the path they will take will differ greatly. The common point I have found them all to have is the age range at which this usually occursRead MoreThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rites of Passage and Liminality Originally developed by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep in the early 20th century in his book Rites de Passage, the term liminality refers to the concept in which participants are in the threshold stage of disorientation and suspension from the previous social norm that they were used to. When an individual goes through a rite of passage—also coined by van Gennep—he is cut off from his â€Å"old life† and is born again into a new person. However, before he can fullyRead MoreThe Sunrise Dance : A Rite Of Passage834 Words   |  4 PagesMai Quach Professor Dalia Sirkin English 1B 16 November 2016 Research paper: The Sunrise Dance A rite of passage is a ritual, a ceremony, or set of rituals. People from around the world celebrate birth ceremonies, puberty ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, or death ceremonies, as part of their culture. These ceremonies mark the transition of people’s lives when they move from one stage to another. In Apache tradition, when a girl has her first menstruation, her parents and her relatives prepare forRead MoreRites Of Passage, By Arnold Van Gennep1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Rites of passage are rituals or events which are universally conducted for a variety of cultural, religious and social reasons. Grounded in everyday life, ritual is symbolic and emotional providing a transition of knowledge, behaviour and status, as Audrey Richards’s wrote, ’the use of symbols in ritual secures some kind of emotional compromise which satisfies the majority of individuals who compose a society and which supports its major institutions’ . These rites of passage, rituals orRead MoreThe Importance of Rites of Passage to a Humanist, Questions and Answers1257 Words   |  5 PagesRites of Passage are only important for the Religious Believer Discuss. Show that you have considered both sides of the argument Rites of passage in any religion symbolize that the person going through the rite is coming closer to the God/Deities of that religion. However, I believe that even if you are a non-religious individual, you can still participate in a rite of passage not only into a religious group, but also social groups and tribal societies. The Importance of Rites of Passage

Significance of Public Health -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Australian Public health Surveillance System. Answer: Notification and Surveillance Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but serious disease, distinguished by acute renal damage in young children and grownups (1). Mostly, this clinical syndrome, being a systemic thrombotic microangiopathy can affect the life expectancy of the patients, due to the diverse etiologies (2). In Australia, HUS is a notifiable infectious disease, as per the Public Health Act 1997 (3), making it obligatory for the health professionals to comply with the prevailing enforceable Code of Practice 2006 (4). This essay is an attempt to investigate why the HUS is notifiable, and how this is achieved through the Australian surveillance system. An overview of the Australian Public health surveillance system The Australian public health surveillance is a continuous, systematic compilation and analysis, as well as interpretation and dissemination of crucial data, relating to a specific health oriented event for reducing its morbidity and mortality. It is presumed that the availability of such data will enhance the health of the Australians through public health initiatives and program planning, as well as their assessment. It can steer a sudden action for incidents that have public health importance, and measure the amount of disease burden and health concerns. The surveillance data could be used for monitoring disease status, program evaluation, public policy development, and many more, while perceiving systemic changes in implementing health practices. They will also become helpful in prioritizing the health resource allocation and the epidemiologic research-promotion (5). Process and methods of the surveillance system Australia is a federation of six states and two territories, namely, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, the Australian Capital and the Northern province. The State and the territorial health departments collect notifications of communicable diseases, according to their corresponding public health legislations. The National Health Security Act 2007 provides them the authority for exchanging health information between them and the Government. It is under the purview of this Act that the National Notifiable Diseases List has been established, to look after the operational arrangements, such as the formation and development of the existing surveillance and reporting systems. In 2014, in lieu of this Agreement, the states and territories renewed notification data, relating to 65 communicable diseases for listing under the national communicable disease surveillance (3). In the Australian surveillance system, the legislators and the public health officials are entitled to implement the health surveillance activities throughout the country, for meeting the public needs. The surveillance systems adopted for these actions range from the collection of data belonging to a single case, to multiple data formats and surveys, through the electronic systems. These systems will have the likelihood of expansion, keeping the patient safety, confidentiality, and the system security at optimum level (5). The health surveillance is not limited to a biological monitoring, as it is a prolonged process, consisting of gathering information about an individuals occupational history, physical examination and testing for biological monitoring (6). Methods The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) requires (i) unique record-reference number (ii) name of the notifying state or territory (iii) the disease-code (iv) status of confirmation, and (v) the date of notification by the concerned health department. Other types of data needed are: (i) personal details, like birth date, age, sex, indigenous status, and many more, including disease commencement date, specimen collection date, reference number of the outbreak, etc. The quality of the data and surveillance will be monitored and updated periodically by the Health Protection and the National Surveillance Committee (NSC). All information about the communicable disease surveillance is exchanged through different channels, like the tele-conferences of the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). In addition, the journal of Communicable Diseases Intelligence (CDI) publishes current surveillance data, annual reports, and articles about the communicable diseases in A ustralia (3). Components and attributes of an effective Surveillance system The surveillance system components: The Australian system of public health surveillance focuses on the communicable diseases and other health conditions, such as injuries, environmental hazards, occupational health and safety, birth defects, drug addictions, severe diseases, mental health, and other health behaviors. The players in the system are public health agencies, voluntary health care organizations, and hospitals, and also the non-government organizations. All surveillance systems collect, review, and evaluate, as well as transform the data collected for public health accomplishment (15). The public health system attributes: A public health surveillance scheme monitors the acute health-related events, by identifying and reducing the risks due to them. It is constructive, if it helps in alleviating the problems associated with the health-related event, from its first insignificant condition to its ongoing significance. The surveillance system data supply several performance measures for the needs assessments and system accountability. Therefore, a representative surveillance system needs to be identified as uncomplicated, flexible, tolerable, and steady, for promoting a public health action. Such a surveillance system has the following attributes: Simplicity- provides the structure and ease of operation in meeting the objectives. Flexibility- displays adaptive nature to changing information requirements with minimal time, personnel, and funds. It is viable for new health events and any other system variation. Data quality- reflects the reliability and the fullness of the system data. Acceptability ensures the participation of persons and institutions in the surveillance through their consents Sensitivity- denotes the level of the reported health related event and the systems capability to detect the outbreaks. Predictive Value Positive- provides the reported proportion of the cases placed under surveillance. Representativeness- describes the rate of recurrence of a health related event and its distribution, according to population, place, and individual. Timeliness suggest the speed in fulfilling the procedural steps in the surveillance system. tability- assures the reliability and availability of the system for surveillance Australian surveillance system and HUS Australian cases of Haemolytic uraemic syndrome are characterized by severe renal impairment, associated with STEC infection. In 2014, there were 20 notified cases of HUS, whereas in 2013, the number of HUS cases reported was only 15. Out of this, about 55% of notifications belonged to the states of New South Wales and Victoria. It was found that in 2014, 45% of the 04 years age group has been the most frequently notified, while half of the cases were in males (3). Summary Protocol The HUS is a microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, with fragmented red blood cells, leading to thrombocytopenia and severe renal impairment. Out of the two separate clinical sub-groups, the first group shows a prodrome of diarrhea in the summer, whereas the second group lacks diarrheal prodrome, without any seasonal variation. The patients of the latter group may have a family history of HUS, caused by infection, like Streptococcus pneumonia, which can become worse. The studies conducted by the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) prove that O157:H7 is rare in Australia and that the common one is O111:H. There were no previous national HUS outbreak figures and the incidence of HUS (7). According to the APSU, there were a minimum of 0.58/100,000 incidences of children below 15 years and 1.27 incidences of children below 5 years (7). Considering the etiologic and pathogenic variations in the classifications of hemolytic uremic syndrome, clinical studies have established that the gene mutation that encodes the complement-regulatory proteins are responsible for all types of thrombotic microangiopathy (9). It is also found that the Shiga-toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) O157:H7 is a newly emerged zoonotic pathogen, having severe morbidity (10). In this connection, Vally et al., 2012, reports that the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are an important cause of gastroenteritis in Australia and worldwide and can also result in serious sequelae, such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) (8). Majowicz et al., 2014 also hold the same view. They argue that the Shiga toxinproducingEscherichia coli(STEC) are the main reason for the foodborne diseases, resulting in the frequent incidences of HUS and end-stage renal disease (11). The surveillance statistics overview On examining the data available from the national and state notifications, serotypes, mortality, hospitalizations, and the outbreaks, the annual rate of notified STEC illness found in Australia was 0.4 cases per 100,000 each year for the period from 2000 to 2010 (8). During this period, out of the total 822 STEC infection cases notified in Australia, there was only a single notification in the Australian Capital Territory, while South Australia had 413 notifications, where the surveillance for STEC infection was intense. The notification rate in the whole Australia was 0.12 cases per 100,000 each year, for STEC O157 infections, in the 9 year period, with 11 outbreaks, due to STEC. The surveillance statistics show that the STEC infections and HUS cases displayed a seasonal distribution, with most cases occurred between December and February. When compared to other developed countries, the disease incidence and its burden, due to STEC and HUS, were low in Australia (8). Merits of the public health surveillance on HUS The above facts unequivocally confirm that the HUS surveillance is a way to monitor the trends in STEC O157 infections. The surveillance is necessary to assess the strains of STEC leading to severe illness, and is helpful in evaluating the medical care improvements to control the frequency of HUS in children, having STEC. With the introduction of a consistent marker of STEC incidence, the HUS surveillance could become effective in determining the disease prevention measures. However, the HUS surveillance lacks singular diagnostic test and therefore needs more data to validate every reported incidence of HUS. This improvement is essential to reduce the post-diarrheal HUS incidences among the children, belonging to the age group below 5 years. That was why the HUS was accorded a place in the Healthy People 2010 goal (10). Evaluation As per Elliott et al., 2001, the evaluation of the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, which is a functional part part of the Public Health Surveillance System of Australia, has proved that the clinicians perceived surveillance methods as simple and useful. The case sensitivity assessment was acceptable and the predictive value of notification was above 70%. The professional support of the pediatric system and the streamlined reporting scheme, the clinician workload, and the clinical practice paved the way for a higher level of compliance. The educational impact was evolved through the dissemination of information, such as newsletters, periodical reports, presentations, publication, etc. The monitoring of the association between hemolytic uremic syndrome and Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli, were effectively conducted by the other units (12). Though the APSU is capable of monitoring the disease incidence trend management, there is considerable delay in case identification. By giving proper background information on haemolytic uraemic syndrome cases nationally, the surveillance system could investigate an outbreak in South Australia, immediately after the condition was listed on the monthly card. The HUS data have enhanced the disease control and prevention strategies, such as changing the code for the fermented meat production, forwarding haemolytic uraemic syndrome notifications to the state public health departments, and educating the public about food storage and preparation. Since a surveillance systems success is solely based on its capability to meet specific requirements, the CDC has changed its approach, by adopting stringent measures in evaluating the surveillance systems. Despite these changes, the appropriateness in evaluating the surveillance unit was not at all effective (13). The reason for the above situation was the presence of two fundamental problems in the system. The first one was the inconsistency in the reported rates of incidence of infections and the rate of actual incidents. The second issue was the inability to detect the trends in the non-O157 STEC infections, as they cannot be detected through routine plating stool specimens. It is because, the passive surveillance for HUS will not have the microbial diagnostic element, which is salient to an active surveillance system. Apart from these distinct problems, the authentic surveillance data are essential for preventing HSU infections, and therefore the national HUS surveillance system will need to gather and disseminate information for assessing the emerging new vehicles of STEC transmission (14). Significance of public health surveillance In order to put an epidemic under surveillance, it is essential to monitor the less frequent incidence of outbreaks that affect a very small portion of the population, when such events occur for a specific period and place. Sometimes, the diseases that are unimportant, due to the effective control measures, may require re-assessment because of their capability to emerge again. That means the public health importance of a health oriented incidence is determined by the method adopted for its prevention. Their components include: Indices of frequency and severity Health-related event disparities Expenditure for controlling the outbreak Methods of prevention Clinical action procedures Public apprehension The system could work only if there is a clear and authentic explanation for the health-related event that is placed under surveillance. Such details include symptoms, laboratory results, epidemiology, and other specific information. The evaluation must relate how the public health surveillance system is integrated with all other systems of surveillance and health information. It addresses comorbidity and risk factors, and possible outcomes from the health related event. The components of the surveillance system include all matters that relate to public health information, concerns, hardware, software, interface, and ethical standards (5). Reasons for notification of HUS Public Health Surveillance of communicable disease is a public health priority at the global level for preventing the spread of infectious diseases (18). The criteria for determining a disease as notifiable in Australia are: collection viability, priority, immediate intervention facility, outbreak potential, fatality rate, societal and international concerns, program evaluation, and importance to indigenous health. HUS is a notifiable condition regardless of cause and the infectious aetiology, due to Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli or other infectious agents can result in HUS (16), while Streptococcus pneumoniae can become more severe with a higher mortality and morbidity. Around 40to 60% of children, having HUS needed dialysis, and 3to 5% of them die eventually (17). Conclusion The public health surveillance in Australia collects, analyses, interprets, and disseminates data relating to several infectious diseases that are harmful to public health. The availability of such data enhances the health of the Australians and helps prevent and eradicate communicable diseases, like Hemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). The HUS is an acute disease, causing renal damage in children and grownups, and is a notifiable infectious disease, as per the Public Health Act 1997. The need for placing such diseases under surveillance is essential to monitor the incidence of outbreaks and their eradication. However, the surveillance of a contagious disease will become successful only if it meets the system requirements. Though the Australian public health surveillance system is efficient enough to control any disease outbreaks, it still has some weaknesses, despite the unvarying efforts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reference List Parmar, MS. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Medscape. Sep 19, 2016. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201181- overview?pa=FH%2BDw457mWR59DCVkbrWOkvwT3%2BxRKOC8pLhM jr1RYSy9Y4J%2FELVhZLVp2x1UlIDHYMZVYdiSjSzyKr67NszRyRhZLc6 xjdjmi9FlNdSZuc%3D [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Rivas, M, Chinen, I, Miliwebsky, E, Masana, M, et al. Chapter 18: Risk Factors for Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli-Associated Human Diseases. American Society of Microbiology. 2015. DOI:10.1128/9781555818791 Available from: https://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555818791.chap18. [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Australias notifiable disease status, 2014. Annual report. NNDSS Annual Report Working Group. Department of Health. 2016, CDI Vol 40 No 1. Available from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-pubs- annlrpt-nndssar.htm [Accessed 27 August 2017]. ACT Health. Reporting of Notifiable Conditions Code of Practice 2006. Publication No 06/0560 (1500). 2015. Available from: https://www.health.act.gov.au/datapublications/codes-practice/reporting- notifiable-conditions-code-practice-2006-0 [Accessed 27 August 2017]. German et al. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001, 50; 1-35. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5013a1.htm [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Guidelines for health surveillance. NOHSC:7039. Safe Work Australia, 1995. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/guidelines-health- surveillance-nohsc-7039-1995 [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Protocol-Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. (n.d.). Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Available from: www.apsu.org.au/assets/past- studies/husprotocol.pdf. [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Vally, H, Hall, G, Dyda, A, Raupach, J, Knope, K, Combs, B, Desmarchelier, P, et al.. Epidemiology of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Australia, 2000-2010. BMC public health (January 2012). DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-63. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221765579_Epidemiology_of_Shiga _toxin_producing_Escherichia_coli_in_Australia_2000-2010.[Accessed 27 August 2017]. Salvadori, M, Bertoni, E. Update on hemolytic uremic syndrome: Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations.World Journal of Nephrology,2013; 2(3), 5676. https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v2.i3.56 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832913/[Accessed 27 August 2017]. Ong, K L, Apostal, M, Comstock, N, Hurd, S, Webb, T. H, Mickelson, S, Gould, LH, et al. Strategies for Surveillance of Pediatric Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 20002007.Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America,2012; 54(Suppl 5), S424S431. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis208 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348948/[Accessed 27 August 2017]. Shannon, ME, Elaine, S, Andria, JB, Jan, MS, Jackie, S, Frederick, AJ, Yeung Derrick H, Martyn, KD, et al. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. June 2014; 11(6): 447-455. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2013.1704 [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Elliott, EJ, Nicoll, A, Lynn, R, Marchessault, V, Hirasing, R, on behalf of the secretariat and members of the International Network of Paediatric Surveillance Units, et. al. G. Rare disease surveillance: An international perspective.Paediatrics Child Health,2001; 6(5), 251260. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804555/ [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Gazarian, M, Williams, K, Elliott, E, Chant, K, Longbottom, H, Mellis, C, Nolan, T, Oates, RK, Ruben, A, et al. Evaluation of a national surveillance unit Arch Dis Child 1999;80:2127. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12972448_Evaluation_of_a_national surveillance_unit [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Mahon, BE, Griffin, PM, Mead, PS, Tauxe, RV. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Surveillance to Monitor Trends in Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli.Emerging Infectious Diseases,1997; 3(3), 409-412. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970329. Available from: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/3/3/97-0329_article [Accessed 27 August 2017]. World Health Organization. (n.d.). The Elements of Effective Surveillance. Available from: https://cursos.campusvirtualsp.org/mod/tab/view.php?id=23163 [Accessed 27 August 2017]. NSW Government.. Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) fact sheet, July 1,2012. Available from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/haemolytic_uraemic syndrome.aspx [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Queensland Health Guidelines for Public Health Units. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), 2014. Available from:https://www.health.qld.gov.au/cdcg/index/hus [Accessed 27 August 2017]. Janati, A, Hosseiny, M, Gouya, MM, Moradi, G, Ghaderi, E, et al. Communicable Disease Reporting Systems in the World: A Systematic Review Article.Iranian Journal of Public Health,2015; 44(11), 14531465. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703224/ [Accessed 27 August 2017].

Keisha Brent Essays (1997 words) - Digital Media, Technology

Keisha Brent Final Essay Is the Internet Really Bad What The Internet Is Doing To Our Brains is a well written piece of writing by Nicholas Carr . Carr did a great job at exemplifying the exploration of the Internet's intellec tual and cultu ral consequences throughout his book. In fact I believe the internet has had a huge impact on society from many different standpo ints and even though Carr sort of touched based on most , there were a few I didn't quite agree with. I get the point he was try ing to make as far as technology advancin g and taking a toll on most I just don' t think it's a bad idea like he portrayed it as. I will further explain my reasoning to why I agree or disagree with each factor Carr could have elaborated differently s tarting with before the internet , the upcoming of the internet , the good/the bad, and the reality of how the internet influence others today. Before The Internet In the beginning Carr stated, "t he intellectual ethic of a technology is rarely recognized by its inventors. " (45) That statement is true, m ost of the modern day technology is remixed from past creations. We have come a long way in worldwide technological advancement. Computers are a way of living now but years ago everything was documented on paper and before then on stone. Being that I'm a private duty caregiver I am around a lot older people who got a chance to experience life before the internet. One of my clients Mr. Laudel is a 90yr old retired electrical engineer and I had the opportunity to talk to him about how the internet and new technology impacted his life. Mr. Laudel told me how he grew up on a farm and everything they ate and did for fun literally was outside. There were no phones, televisions, game systems, or computer just a marine chronometer they used to tell time. He then went on to say when he was an electrical enginee r things in that field were way more simple and less complex as the tools they use today. Towards the end of Mr. Laudel engineering career he admitted he did just enough to get by because of the new technology being brought into his company was becoming so advanced he wasn't able to understand how some of the tools worked and his position didn't really hav e to go too in depth with them. Although, Mr. Laudel said he did learn some of the basics of the new technology outside of work but his daughter was more into the internet and that even his grandchildren and great grandchildren use technology and internet way more than he could ever imagine. He also fe el like he lived an interesting yet eventfu l life without the internet but he always knew technology would one day evolve. "Quite a few people still listen to vinyl, use film cameras to take photographs, and look up phone numbers in the printed Yellow Pages." (89) That implication made by Carr is also true I was shocked to see one of my clients us ing a phone book to order pizza. When I asked her why she didn't just google the location she laughed and said , "That's for lazy people." Soon when she said that I thought about Carr chapter on google, The Church of Google and how he used this whole chapter to talk about how google is used and how it impacted the internet. " Without its search engine, and the other engines that have been built on its model, the Internet would have long ago become a Tower of Digital Babel. " (156) Which holds some type of veracity because most internet usage result in using some type of search engine, mainly google. The Upcoming of the Internet Indeed, the internet hosts an enormous informational base. Technology has made it possible for this information to reach far and wide. It would be almost unheard for the average American to go one day without the internet. Technology today is so advanced compared to when I was coming up. Just think

Helen Garner essays

Helen Garner essays Helen Garner is the most interesting character that is revealed in The First Stone because of her language techniques and her unique way of writing. It is a non-fiction text, very personal, (as we only hear Garners point of view) honest and frank. The novel was extremely controversial, particularly as Garner is a pioneering feminist, and her way of writing the book goes against all ideas and beliefs of feminism and being a feminist. The interesting thing about Garners writing technique is that she poses dilemmas and raises more questions than answers, so she keeps us guessing until the end of the book. Helen Garner is the most interesting character revealed in The First Stone, because since she is telling us the story of the Ormond sexual harassment case, we learn to value her opinion, which is the only one we hear throughout the novel. However, the content of The First Stone thrust Garner into an inescapable spotlight, and was a major controversy and she soon had many people (m ainly feminists) opposing her ideas that she wrote down in her book. The First Stone is a book about two young women attending Ormond University in Melbourne who were at a party and claimed to have been sexually assaulted by the Master of their University at the time, Dr Colin Shepherd. Garner became increasingly intrigued by the case, and as the story unfolds, the reader sees what Garner thinks of the two women, feminism, men, (encompassing sex and power) and indeed, what happened on the night of the party. She starts investigating and looking for interviews almost right away, even attending the final court hearing. She speaks to many people surrounding the case, such as Dr Ruth V, Janet F, Ms Vivien S, Ms Rose H, Barbara W, Fiona P, Ms Margaret L, Christine G and most importantly, Mrs Shepherd. Garner states in...

The Importance of Immanuel Kant's Works Research Paper

The Importance of Immanuel Kant's Works - Research Paper Example Kant has influenced many other great thinkers of modern times. It was because of the wholeness of Kant’s work that many people from different professional backgrounds identify with him. Kant wrote extensively on political philosophy, moral philosophy, perception, and categories of the faculty of understanding. In this paper we will attempt to outline the main ideas of Kant and then an analysis of his ideas will be followed. We will also discuss the strengths of Kant’s ideas briefly at the end of the paper. Kant wrote extensively on philosophy as he covered different branches of philosophy. He wrote on Metaphysics, ethics, politics, and aesthetics. He was particularly interested in creating a bridge between the rationalist and empiricist philosophies. The major work of Kant is The Critique of Pure Reason. This book holds great value in the field of philosophy as it made important contributions to Metaphysics. In this great book Kant has attempted to solve the problems th at were not previously answered by Metaphysics and philosophy. Kant is known all over the world for these two books and they are also a compulsory read in any philosophy curriculum. In the other works of Immanuel Kant, his works on ethics, aesthetics, and political philosophy are included. Kant wrote Ground Work of the Metaphysics of Morals in which he outlined his moral philosophy. In other books like Critique of Practical Reason and Metaphysics of Morals, Kant has explained his view on ethics and morality. He believed that morals and ethical standards cannot be relative in nature and they should be absolute. He also stressed more on actions and behaviors than the consequences of actions and behaviors. The Categorical Imperative of Kant is a widely discussed and accepted ethical theory. The views o Kant on ethics will be discussed in detail later. Kant also wrote on aesthetics in detail in his books Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime and Critique of Judgment. On aesthetics Kant was of the opinion that our judgment of beauty is not cognitive in nature (Kant, 1). This means that we do not reason and then come to a conclusion about beauty rather it is aesthetical in nature. Such were Kant’s ideas about aesthetics. In the field of politics too Kant contributed heavily as he wrote Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch. The focus of Kant’s political philosophy is on law and on mixed form of government. He is not in favor of democracy as many of his contemporaries but at the same time he is also not in favor of extremely autocratic government. Kant’s political views were mainly aimed at finding ways to end ways and bring long term peace in the world. He was not in favor of wars at all and attempted to give a political philosophy that will end all kinds of war and bring about perpetual peace. Kant's Philosophy The philosophy of Immanuel Kant is complex and covers a wide range of topics. Kant has written on ethics, politics , and on reason and experience. In this section we will talk about each of these three areas in great detail. It is important to understand the social settings as well as the philosophical thought prevalent in the days of Kant in order to understand fully what he is trying to say. Kant was living at a time when enlightenment movement was in its full flow. Philosophers and thinkers had started to celebrate the power of reason and logic in the field of metaphysics and philosophy.  

Hitler's rise to power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hitler's rise to power - Essay Example The failure of Germany to pay war reparations would sometimes lead to military action. The Treaty of Versailles states in Article 232 that â€Å"The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Germany undertakes, that she will make compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency† ("Reparation"). As the government began to print bills, hyperinflation wrecked the German economy. The Great Depression was a powerful event which indirectly led to the rise of Hitler. Hitler gained enormous public support following his trial after the failure of the Munich Putsch in 1923. He spent a few months in jail where he realized that the only way to gain power was to work inside the system. Also Hitler did not enjoy support from the German elite which also prevented his failure at that time. But by the 1930s, Hitler’s charismatic personality and speeches had won him the support of the German army and industrial sector. His book Mein Kampf became a blueprint for his ideology of hatred and racism. He lashed out at Jews, Social Democrats and Communists as being enemies of the German nation. In his book Hitler says that â€Å"In the meetings of those days, especially outside of Munich, there would be five, six, seven, and eight hundred adversaries to fifteen or sixteen National Socialists† (Hitler). He praises the bravery of the Nazi party against Socialist thugs â€Å"And it happened more than once that a handful of party comrades heroically fought their way to victory against a roaring, flailing Red majority† (Hitler). The Nazi party was banned in the late 1920s as it fell apart. Hitler’s amazing skills as a demagogue were crucial for the survival of the National Socialist Party. These skills also allowed him to rise into power as he addressed the crowds into hysteria. Hitler was a brilliant

Diploma Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Diploma Biology Notes Essay DNA is a huge information database that carries the complete set of instructions for making all the proteins a cell will ever need! Although there are only four different bases in DNA (A, C, G and T), the order in which the bases occur determines the information to make a protein, just like the 26 letters of the alphabet combine to form words and sentences: Compare: RAT TAR ART same 3 letters; completely different meanings. And with DNA: GAC AGC CGA same 3 letters; completely different meanings to the cell (specifies the amino acids Aspartic Acid, Serine, and Arginine) Q: Review: What are genes? A: The DNA in each chromosome that DOES provide the instructions for a protein is called a gene. * In the 1940s, scientists proposed, fairly correctly, that each gene codes for (contains the instructions for) one protein. This is referred to as the one-gene, one-protein hypothesis. * One gene will code for perhaps two or more related proteins. * Scientists realized that we had only about 30,000 genes, coding for 100,000 different proteins rather than the 100,000 genes that had been estimated for the human genome * The basic hypothesis is still the same, but we know a lot more details. Q: If DNA is in the nucleus and proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, on ribosomes and in the RER, how to they get together? A: The answer: use a messenger to carry the instructions from DNA out into the cytoplasm. A nucleic acid very similar to DNA, called mRNA or messenger RNA, is a copy of a gene, and serves this function the bridge between DNA and protein: The Central Dogma:DNA encodes the information to make RNA and RNA molecules function together to make protein| II. What is RNA and how is it different from DNA? Two big differences between DNA and RNA: * 1. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; in RNA it is ribose * 2. The nitrogenous base uracil (U) is used in RNA in place of T (they are very similar bases; in RNA U= A just like T = A.) III. Transcription: Re-writing DNA into RNA DNA has a sense strand and an antisense strand. The antisense strand is complementary to the sense strand. It is also known as the template strand, as this is the strand, which is used for transcription making mRNA. DNA is transcribed or re-written into RNA in a very complicated process called transcription. Simply stated, during transcription, one gene (DNA) is re-written into RNA in the nucleus: * A team of enzymes and proteins binds to the promoter, or starting region, of a gene. * These enzymes and proteins unzip the DNA double helix just at the region of the gene. * The enzyme RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands to make an RNA copy of that one gene. * This copy, which contains the instructions to make 1 protein, is called an mRNA or messenger RNA. * After the mRNA is made, it is trimmed down to a final size, and shipped out of the nucleus. * When the mRNA gets into the cytoplasm, it is made into protein * Complete transcription of an RNA molecule. 1. The resulting RNA nucleotides are added on the 3’ end of the growing of mRNA strand. 2. RNA polymerase detaches itself and mRNA is released. 3. Eukaryote pre- mRNA contains exons and introns: * Introns are non-coding regions that need to be removed before translation The structure of tRNA matches its functions : Funtion : to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide and to attach them in the current location. tRNA is activated by a tRNA activating enzyme. tRNA delivers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain in translation. It picks up new amino acids when activated by a specific tRNA activating enzyme. IV. Connection between mRNA and protein: The order of the bases in the DNA specifies the order of bases in the mRNA, and The order of bases in the mRNA specifies the order of amino acids in a protein.| The genetic code is a triplet code (handout) 1. Nucleotides on mRNA are read three at a time by the ribosome. * Every three nucleotides in an mRNA (a codon) specify the addition of one amino acid in a protein. * For example, a 600 nucleotide mRNA will code for a 200 amino acid protein. 2. The amino acids corresponding to all 64 codons have been determined. All proteins start with the initiation codon AUG (Met) * All proteins end with stop codons -either UAA, UGA, or UAG * Some codons that differ in the third nucleotide can still code for the same amino acid The genetic code chart represents the sequence on the mRNA codon. V. Translation = De-coding RNA into protein During translation, the mRNA transported to the cytoplasm is de-coded or translated to produce the correct order of amino acids in a protein. Translation requires numerous enzymes. rRNA = ribosomal RNA; these RNA molecules associate with other proteins to form the ribosomes. Each ribosome can accept two tRNAs at a time (carrying amino acids) and one mRNA. tRNA = transfer RNA; small RNA molecules that carry a specific amino acid at one end and an anticodon region that recognizes and binds mRNA at the other end. The tRNA that binds to that mRNA codon determines what amino acid is added to a protein chain. The Three RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) all work together to turn the information in DNA into a 3-dimestional protein. The steps of translation: 1. Initiation: mRNA enters the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes (rRNA + proteins). tRNAs, each carrying a specific amino acid, pair up with the mRNA polys inside the ribosomes. Base pairing (A-U, G-C) between mRNAcodons and tRNA anticodons determines the order of amino acids in a protein. 2. Elongation: addition of amino acids one-by-one: As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the tRNA transfers its amino acid to the growing protein chain, producing the protein codon by codon! 3. Termination: when the ribosomes hit a stop codon UAA, UGA, or UAG the ribosome falls apart. The same mRNA may be used hundreds of times during translation by many ribosomes before it is broken down by the cell.